Estimation of turbulent sensible heat and momentum fluxes over a heterogeneous urban area using a large aperture scintillometer     

Sang-Hyun Lee  Jun-Ho Lee  Bo-Young Kim 《大气科学进展》2015,32(8):1092-1105

The accurate determination of surface-layer turbulent fluxes over urban areas is critical to understanding urban boundary layer (UBL) evolution. In this study, a remote-sensing technique using a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) was investigated to estimate surface-layer turbulent fluxes over a highly heterogeneous urban area. The LAS system, with an optical path length of 2.1 km, was deployed in an urban area characterized by a complicated land-use mix (residential houses, water body, bare ground, etc.). The turbulent sensible heat (Q H) and momentum fluxes (τ) were estimated from the scintillation measurements obtained from the LAS system during the cold season. Three-dimensional LAS footprint modeling was introduced to identify the source areas ("footprint") of the estimated turbulent fluxes. The analysis results showed that the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes for the highly heterogeneous urban area revealed reasonable temporal variation during daytime on clear days, in comparison to the land-surface process-resolving numerical modeling. A series of sensitivity tests indicated that the overall uncertainty in the LAS-derived daytime Q H was within 20%-30% in terms of the influence of input parameters and the non-dimensional similarity function for the temperature structure function parameter, while the estimation errors in τ were less sensitive to the factors of influence, except aerodynamic roughness length. The 3D LAS footprint modeling characterized the source areas of the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes in the heterogeneous urban area, revealing that the representative spatial scales of the LAS system deployed with the 2.1 km optical path distance ranged from 0.2 to 2 km2 (a "micro-α scale"), depending on local meteorological conditions.  相似文献   

A diagnostic study of the asymmetric distribution of rainfall during the landfall of typhoon Haitang (2005)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Caijun Yue  Shouting Gao  Lu Liu  Xiaofan Li 《大气科学进展》2015,32(10):1419-1430

The precipitation during landfall of typhoon Haitang (2005) showed asymmetric structures (left side/right side of the track). Analysis of Weather Research and Forecasting model simulation data showed that rainfall on the right side was more than 15 times stronger than on the left side. The causes were analyzed by focusing on comparing the water vapor flux, stability and upward motion between the two sides. The major results were as follows: (2) Relative humidity on both sides was over 80%, whereas the convergence of water vapor flux in the lower troposphere was about 10 times larger on the right side than on the left side. (5) Both sides featured conditional symmetric instability [MPV (moist potential vorticity) <0], but the right side was more unstable than the left side. (6) Strong (weak) upward motion occurred throughout the troposphere on the right (left) side. The Q vector diagnosis suggested that large-scale and mesoscale forcing accounted for the difference in vertical velocity. Orographic lift and surface friction forced the development of the asymmetric precipitation pattern. On the right side, strong upward motion from the forcing of different scale weather systems and topography caused a substantial release of unstable energy and the transportation of water vapor from the lower to the upper troposphere, which produced torrential rainfall. However, the above conditions on the left side were all much weaker, which led to weaker rainfall. This may have been the cause of the asymmetric distribution of rainfall during the landfall of typhoon Haitang.  相似文献   

Estimating Sea-Level Allowances for Atlantic Canada using the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC     

Li Zhai  Blair J.W. Greenan  John Hunter  Thomas S. James  Guoqi Han  Phillip MacAulay 《大气与海洋》2015,53(5):476-490

Abstract

Sea-level allowances at 22 tide-gauge sites along the east coast of Canada are determined based on projections of regional sea-level rise for the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) from the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR5) and on the statistics of historical tides and storm surges (storm tides). The allowances, which may be used for coastal infrastructure planning, increase with time during the twenty-first century through a combination of mean sea-level rise and the increased uncertainty of future projections with time. The allowances show significant spatial variation, mainly a consequence of strong regionally varying relative sea-level change as a result of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). A methodology is described for replacement of the GIA component of the AR5 projection with global positioning system (GPS) measurements of vertical crustal motion; this significantly decreases allowances in regions where the uncertainty of the GIA models is large. For RCP8.5 with GPS data incorporated and for the 1995–2100 period, the sea-level allowances range from about 0.5?m along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to more than 1?m along the coast of Nova Scotia and southern Newfoundland.  相似文献   

Impact of the Vertical Velocity Field on Charging Processes and Charge Separation in a Simulated Thunderstorm          下载免费PDF全文

WANG Fei  ZHANG Yijun  ZHENG Dong  XU Liangtao 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2015,29(2):328-343

A three-dimensional(3D) charging-discharging cloud resolution model was used to investigate the impact of the vertical velocity field on the charging processes and the formation of charge structure in a strong thunderstorm. The distribution and evolution of ice particle content and charges on ice particles were analyzed in different vertical velocity fields. The results show that the ice particles in the vertical velocity range from 1 to 5 m s-1obtained the most charge through charging processes during the lifetime of the thunderstorm. The magnitude of the charges could reach 1014 n C. Before the beginning of lightning activity,the charges produced in updraft region 2(updraft speed 13 m s-1) and updraft region 1(updraft speed between 5 and 13 m s-1) were relatively significant. The magnitudes of charge reached 1013 n C, which clearly impacted upon the early lightning activity. The vertical velocity conditions in the quasi-steady region(updraft speed between –1 and 1 m s-1) were the most conducive for charge separation on ice particles on different scales. Accordingly, a net charge structure always appeared in the quasi-steady and adjacent regions. Based on the results, a conceptual model of ice particle charging, charge separation, and charge structure formation in the flow field was constructed. The model helps to explain observations of the"lightning hole" phenomenon.  相似文献   

A diagnostic analysis on the effect of the residual layer in convective boundary layer development near Mongolia using 20th century reanalysis data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bo Han  Cailing Zhao  Shihua Lü  Xin Wang 《大气科学进展》2015,32(6):807-820

Although the residual layer has already been noted in the classical diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer,its effect on the development of the convective boundary layer has not been well studied. In this study, based on 3-hourly20 th century reanalysis data, the residual layer is considered as a common layer capping the convective boundary layer. It is identified daily by investigating the development of the convective boundary layer. The region of interest is bounded by(30°–60° N, 80°–120° E), where a residual layer deeper than 2000 m has been reported using radiosondes. The lapse rate and wind shear within the residual layer are compared with the surface sensible heat flux by investigating their climatological means, interannual variations and daily variations. The lapse rate of the residual layer and the convective boundary layer depth correspond well in their seasonal variations and climatological mean patterns. On the interannual scale, the correlation coefficient between their regional averaged(40°–50°N, 90°–110° E) variations is higher than that between the surface sensible heat flux and convective boundary layer depth. On the daily scale, the correlation between the lapse rate and the convective boundary layer depth in most months is still statistically significant during 1970–2012. Therefore, we suggest that the existence of a deep neutral residual layer is crucial to the formation of a deep convective boundary layer near the Mongolian regions.  相似文献   

冬小麦农田裸温与气温差异分析及其应用     

李翠娜  张雪芬  薛红喜 《气象与环境科学》2015,38(1):7-13

以矮秆代表作物冬小麦为研究对象,利用郑州农业气象试验站2010年10月15日—2011年6月2日农田小气候观测的各层裸温、气温、总辐射和覆盖度资料,采用对比差值、温度垂直梯度等方法统计分析,并对温度对比差值和总辐射曝辐量相关关系和温度的垂直梯度分布特征进行了研究,结果表明:25cm、150cm和300cm高度的日平均裸温和气温变化趋势基本一致,其对比差值呈由小变大趋势;各层裸温和气温的日分布符合温度日变化分布的一般规律,垂直梯度变化比较明显;各层对比差值呈单峰分布,峰值出现在正午12时左右;裸温和气温的对比差值与总辐射曝辐量呈线性相关。裸温与气温的垂直梯度变化有很好的一致性,可利用裸温不同层次间垂直梯度变化特征确定气温传感器合理的安装高度;根据麦田裸温垂直梯度变化特征,考虑到温度防辐射罩高度限制,矮秆作物田间小气候气温应在距离地表面25cm、50cm和150cm高度附近分别设置观测层次。  相似文献   

一次霾天气条件下石家庄上空大气气溶胶数浓度的飞行探测与特征分析     

金赛花  濮江平  张瑜 《气象与环境科学》2015,38(1):40-45

利用2010年8月30日河北省石家庄一次霾天气条件下的气溶胶飞行探测资料,分析了石家庄地区上空658—6933 m高度范围内大气气溶胶粒子平均数浓度、平均直径的垂直分布特征和9个水平飞行高度上的谱分布特征。结果表明:轻度霾天气条件下的气溶胶平均数浓度为325个/cm3,平均直径为0.169μm。在约1000 m高度以下,气溶胶平均数浓度随高度的增加呈线性减少趋势。粒径也随高度增加而减小,由0.187μm减小至0.164μm。1000 m高度以上,气溶胶平均数浓度随高度减少趋势变缓,粒子平均直径在0.167~0.171μm范围内波动。9个不同高度上的谱分布都呈单峰型,随着高度增加,谱宽变小,峰值向小尺度方向移动。后向轨迹计算分析表明:污染气团的远距离输送可能是导致大气1500 m高度层气溶胶数浓度突增的原因。  相似文献   

饱和孔隙介质中非均匀震电平面波   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

崔志文  高文阳  张言  王克协 《岩土力学》2011,32(9):2810-2814

采用描述地下流体饱和孔隙介质中弹性波与电磁场耦合现象的Pride方程组,利用Helmholtz分解,求解了非均匀震电耦合平面波解,推导了流体饱和孔隙介质中传播的非均匀震电平面波的能流表达式,讨论了非均匀震电平面波的能量特征.结果表明,非均匀震电平面波的平均能流在传播矢量和衰减矢量构成的平面内传播,伴随电磁场对纵波模式的能流没有贡献.当动电耦合系数为0时,震电平面波的能流表达式可退化为Biot弹性波的能流表达式。  相似文献   

江西鄱阳湖地区土壤酸化与人为源氮的关系   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

文帮勇  杨忠芳  侯青叶  杨晓燕  尹国胜  衷存堤 《现代地质》2011,25(3):562-568

江西鄱阳湖地区是我国土壤酸化严重的地区之一,对比研究区多目标区域地球化学调查与第二次土壤普查资料发现,研究区土壤酸化趋势严重,强酸性土壤占研究区面积比例由58.22%上升到78.44%;赣江、抚河水系入湖区和饶河流域表层土壤酸化明显。研究区因施肥、大气干湿沉降和灌溉输入到农田的氮素分别为123.84 kg.hm-.2a-1、74.13 kg.hm-.2a-1、11.02 kg.hm-.2a-1。研究区因人为氮带入农田的H+为18.67 kmol.hm-.2a-1。化肥氮是引起土壤酸化的主控因素,氮沉降也是影响土壤酸化的主要因素之一。土壤pH与氮含量呈较差负相关,说明土壤中的有机氮对土壤酸化作用有限,增施有机肥和复合肥,适当减少氮肥,特别是铵态氮肥的比例,可以补充盐基物质的相对不足,达到缓解土壤酸化的作用。土壤pH与钙含量呈极显著正相关,适量增施含钙物质可以有效地防止表层土壤酸度降低。  相似文献   

三维全空间坑道直流聚焦超前探测数值模拟     

张力  阮百  刘海飞  邓小康 《物探与化探》2011,35(3):419-422

应用同性点源之间的相斥和聚焦原理,设计出适合坑道空间的垂直聚焦超前探测方案。利用有限元法结合高效行压缩存储格式及迭代求解算法,对三维坑道空间中聚焦超前探测效果进行模拟研究。数值计算结果与土槽物理模拟实验结果对比,说明设计方案达到l了聚焦超前探测的目地。通过坑道复杂模型计算,表明垂直聚焦观测方案能够有效探测前方和旁侧存在的不良地质体。  相似文献